Improving TB case notification and treatment coverage through data use.

BACKGROUND: This was a study on national TB data. OBJECTIVE: To assess improvement in TB case notification and treatment coverage through improved data use for action in Nigeria. DESIGN: We analysed pre- and post-intervention secondary TB programme data comprising data on increased supervisory visits, incentives for health workers, DOTS expansion, outreaches and geo-code monitoring. Trend analysis was performed using Cochran-Armitage χ2 test for linear trends. RESULTS: Case-finding increased from 104,904 cases in 2017 to 138,591 in 2020. There was an increase of 2.0% from 2017 to 2018, 13.0% in 2018 to 2019 and 15.0% in 2019 to 2020 (P < 0.001). Facility DOTS coverage increased from 7,389 facilities in 2017 to 17,699 in 2020. There was an increase of 30.0% in 2018, 31.0% in 2019 and 40.0% in 2020 (P < 0.001). The number of reporting facilities increased from 5,854 in 2017 to 12,775 in 2020. Compared with 2017, there were an increase of 20.0% in 2018, 38.0% in 2019 and 32.0% in 2020 (P < 0.001). Treatment coverage rate increased from 24% in 2018 to 27% in 2019 and 30% in 2020. CONCLUSION: TB service expansion, improved monitoring and the use of data for decision making are key in increasing TB treatment coverage.

CONTEXTE: Il s'agit d'une étude sur les données nationales relatives à la TB. OBJECTIF: Évaluer l'amélioration de la notification des cas de TB et de la couverture du traitement grâce à une meilleure utilisation des données pour l'action au Nigéria. MÉTHODE: Nous avons analysé les données du programme secondaire de lutte contre la TB avant et après l'intervention, y compris les données sur l'augmentation des visites de supervision, les mesures incitatives pour les travailleurs de la santé, l'expansion du système DOTS, les activités de proximité et la surveillance des codes géographiques. L'analyse des tendances a été réalisée à l'aide du test du χ2 de Cochran-Armitage pour les tendances linéaires. RÉSULTATS: La recherche de cas est passée de 104 904 cas en 2017 à 138 591 en 2020. On observe une augmentation de 2,0% de 2017 à 2018, de 13,0% de 2018 à 2019 et de 15,0% de 2019 à 2020 (P < 0,001). La couverture DOTS des établissements est passée de 7 389 établissements en 2017 à 17 699 en 2020. On observe une augmentation de 30,0% en 2018, 31,0% en 2019 et 40,0% en 2020 (P < 0,001). Le nombre d'installations déclarantes est passé de 5 854 en 2017 à 12 775 en 2020. Par rapport à 2017, il y a eu une augmentation de 20,0% en 2018, 38,0% en 2019 et 32,0% en 2020 (P < 0,001). Le taux de couverture du traitement est passé de 24% en 2018 à 27% en 2019 et 30% en 2020. CONCLUSION: L'expansion des services de lutte contre la TB, l'amélioration de la surveillance et l'utilisation des données pour la prise de décision sont essentielles pour augmenter la couverture du traitement de la TB.

Impact of COVID-19 on TB active case finding in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Active TB case finding (ACF) is a key strategy employed by the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme (NTBLCP) to address the increasing gap in TB case finding in Nigeria. KNCV TB foundation Nigeria rolled out two high-impact ACF interventions; TB Surge and the Wellness on Wheels (WoW) campaigns from January 2020. METHOD: The TB Surge intervention supports the engagement of ad hoc staff for TB ACF. The WoW campaign employs a mobile diagnostic unit to deliver care to the doorstep of people at risk of TB. Data along the TB cascade are recorded for all clients using the CommCare app. Cochran-Armitage χ2 test for linear trend was used to assess the significance declining trends along the TB cascade. RESULTS: There was a progressive decrease of respectively 63%, 64%, 73% and 72% in clinic attendance, presumptive TB identification, TB cases detected and treatment initiation for the TB Surge ACF intervention since the emergence of coronavirus; a similar decrease was noted for the WoW intervention. Trend analysis showed a significant decline in trends for both interventions for all variables (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 epidemic has impacted negatively on TB services in Nigeria. The TB programme could leverage some resources used to combat the epidemic such as digital health technology and funds, and work towards strengthening patient-centred approach to care to limit the challenges that COVID-19 presents to TB control.

Unsuccessful Xpert® MTB/RIF results: the Nigerian experience.

Setting: Nigeria, a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country. Objective: To study the rate, distribution and causes of unsuccessful Xpert® MTB/RIF test outcomes, with the aim of identifying key areas that need to be strengthened for optimal performance of the assay. Design: This was a retrospective analysis of data uploaded between January and December 2015 from Xpert facilities to the central server using GXAlert. Result: Of 52 219 test results uploaded from 176 Xpert machines, 22.5% were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 10.8% of which were rifampicin-resistant; 4.7% of the total number of results were invalid, 4.2% had error results and 2.1% no result outcomes. Technical errors were most frequent (69%); these were non-seasonal and occurred in all geopolitical regions and at all health facility levels. Temperature-related errors were more prevalent in the North-West Region, with peaks in April to June. Peak periods for temperature and machine malfunction errors coincided with the periods of low utilisation of the assay. Conclusion: The key challenge affecting performance was poor adherence to standard operating procedures. Periodic refresher training courses, regular supervision, preventive maintenance of Xpert machines and proper storage of cartridges are strategies that could improve Xpert performance.

Contexte : Le Nigeria, pays lourdement frappé par la tuberculose.Objectif : Etudier le taux, la distribution et les causes de mauvais résultats du test Xpert dans le but d'identifier les domaines clés qui doivent être renforcés pour une performance optimale du test.Schéma : Analyse rétrospective des données téléchargées entre janvier et décembre 2015 depuis les structures équipées de Xpert vers le serveur central à travers le GXAlert.Résultats : Sur 52 219 tests téléchargés à partir de 176 machines, 22,5% ont été positifs pour Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dont 10,8% ont été résistants à la rifampicine ; globalement, 4,7% ont été invalides, 4,2% ont eu des résultats erronés et 2,1% n'ont eu aucun résultat. Les erreurs d'origine technique ont été les plus fréquentes, à 69%, n'ont pas eu de variation saisonnière et sont survenues dans toutes les zones géopolitiques et à tous les niveaux des structures de santé. Les erreurs liées à la température ont été prévalentes dans la région nord-ouest, avec des pics d'avril à juin. Les périodes de pic en termes de température et de dysfonction des machines ont coïncidé avec les périodes de faible utilisation du test.Conclusion : Le problème principal qui a affecté la performance du test a été l'adhérence médiocre aux procédures opératoires standardisées. Des révisions périodiques de la formation, une supervision régulière, une maintenance préventive de la machine à Xpert et un stockage approprié des cartouches constituent des stratégies susceptibles d'améliorer la performance du Xpert.

Marco de referencia: Nigeria, un país con alta carga de morbilidad por tuberculosis.Objetivo: Estudiar la tasa de resultados fallidos de la prueba Xpert, su distribución y sus causas con el objeto de reconocer las esferas prioritarias que precisan fortalecimiento, a fin de obtener un funcionamiento óptimo de la prueba.Método: Fue este un análisis retrospectivo de los datos enviados al servidor central por los establecimientos que practican la prueba Xpert, mediante el sistema GXAlert, de enero a diciembre del 2015.Resultados: De 52 219 pruebas realizadas en 176 dispositivos y subidas al sistema, 22,5% fueron positivas para Mycobacterium tuberculosis y de ellas el 10,8% presentó resistencia a rifampicina; de todos los resultados, 4,7% fueron inválidos, 4,2% exhibieron error y 2,1% de las pruebas no comportaban un resultado. El error más frecuente fue el de tipo técnico (69%), el cual no siguió un carácter estacional y ocurrió en todas las regiones geopolíticas y en establecimientos de salud de todos los niveles. Los errores debidos a la temperatura predominaron en la región noroeste, con períodos de mayor frecuencia de abril a junio. Los períodos de mayor frecuencia de errores causados por la temperatura o el disfuncionamiento de los dispositivos coincidieron con épocas de baja utilización de la prueba.Conclusión: El principal problema que interfirió con el buen funcionamiento de la prueba fue el incumplimiento de los procedimientos normalizados de trabajo. Se podría mejorar la eficacia de la prueba Xpert mediante estrategias como los cursos periódicos de actualización, la supervisión constante y el mantenimiento preventivo de los dispositivos, además del almacenamiento adecuado de los cartuchos de la prueba.

National Health Accounts estimation: lessons from the Nigerian experience.

OBJECTIVE: This paper seeks to summarize the estimation of two rounds of Nigeria's National Health Accounts (NHA), 1998-2002 and 2003-2005 and draw some lessons on the NHA methodology and health financing policy challenges towards enhancing government stewardship role in the health sector. METHOD: The paper uses the results of the two rounds of NHA estimations for Nigeria a s basis fo ranalysis. In each round of estimation, three matrices were estimated. Additional three matrices of sub-National Health Accounts were also estimated for 17states in the second round. RESULTS: With Nigeria's per capita Total Health Expenditure (THE) increasing from US 9.39 dollars in 1998 to US 55.04 dollars in 2005, the THE represent about 5% of GDP. The households accounted for around 68.6% of THE, while government shoulders about 25%. Major lessons learnt relate to skewed spending, challenges of recordkeeping and data collection at the federal and state levels, and commitment of government and other stakeholders in ensuring institutionalized procedures for collection, reporting, and retrieval of health financing data. CONCLUSION: Though NHA results indicate increase in spending on health over time, there is a very high burden on households. Besides, there are institutional challenges inhibiting the estimation process. There is need for government to lessen burden on households to improve its stewardship by increasing its contribution. The institutional capacity need to be strengthen to collect and analyse health expenditure data and interpret results in terms of their policy implication, while government takes ownership of the process to ensure the institutionalization and sustainability of the estimation process.

Inhibition of prodigiosin formation in Serratia marcescens by adenosine triphosphate.

ATP, inorganic phosphate and ribose inhibited prodigiosin formation in Serratia marcescens, but adenine did not. ATP was not hydrolyzed by the organism during the experiment.

Effect of heat stress on subsequent chlorophyll accumulation in seedlings of Colocynthis citrullus.

When 14-day-old, etiolated seedlings of Colocynthis citrullus were subjected to temperatures of 35, 40 or 45°C for 4-24 h in darkness and illuminated immediately after this heat stress, the rate of total chlorophyll accumulation was retarded, and the duration of the initial lag period before onset of appreciable chlorophyll accumulation was prolonged. These effects were more pronounced after the higher temperatures, and with increasing duration of stress. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were similarly affected as total chlorophyll.